Versioning software is a surprisingly difficult task. The version number conveys technical information: how much change can you expect and might it break existing workflows and data? Users will be more willing to pay for a major upgrade with new features, so the version number is used as a marketing tool. But for developers and MacAdmins, the version number has to be as granular as possible, ideally with a different number for each build made.
2014-10-16 Topics Yosemite, macosx. Install-os-x-yosemite.app Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4 Year 2014. Plus-circle Add Review. Reviews There are no reviews yet. Be the first one to write a review. DOWNLOAD OPTIONS. With all this in mind, our bet is that macOS 10.16 will officially arrive next Monday, October 5, 2020, even though Apple doesn't know. In addition, the company may decide that it is not necessary to introduce a new model this year. Will Apple decide to integrate iOS and macOS?
Because of these, sometimes opposing, interests, it is no wonder that versioning is often a problem for MacAdmins.
A brief history of the Mac operating system versions
Before the “Mac OS” label, the Macintosh operating system was called “System 7.” “Mac OS 8”, code-named “Copland,” was supposed to be the new operating system with all the new features, but the project kept slipping and then was cancelled. The “System 7.7” update was then re-named “Mac OS 8” to get Apple out of some third party licensing deals, which were set to expire on version 8. Marketing and legal matters decided the versioning here. (But it wasn’t all just marketing: Mac OS 8 also got the new interface design that had been created for Copland.)
When Apple announced the NextSTEP based major overhaul for the Macintosh in the late nineties, they chose to not give it a different name and new version numbers. Instead they chose to label the new system as “Mac OS X”, where the “X” was read as the roman numeral ten. I assume this was a marketing choice to demonstrate continuity with the previous versions, which had been “Mac OS 8” and “Mac OS 9.”
The first version of Mac OS X had the numerical version number 10.0.0 and got four “updates” to 10.0.4 Then it got the first major “upgrade” to 10.1. This broke with conventional versioning as major upgrades should get a new major number. When “Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar” was announced at WWDC in 2002, it was obvious that Apple now considered “Mac OS X” a brand and would stick to the 10 in the system version numbers.
With the “Xserve,” the ‘X’ became a moniker to represent Apple’s “professional” or “EXpert” hardware and distinguish them from the ‘i’ prefix used for the consumer friendly devices and software. (iMac, iBook, iPod, iTunes, iMovie, iPhoto, etc.) Later “pro” software tools, such as “Xcode,” “Xsan,” and “Xgrid” picked up that prefix. Confusingly, the leading “X” was pronounced ‘ecks’ and the trailing ‘X’ in “Mac OS X” was still pronounced as ‘ten.’ Or at least that was what Apple marketing insisted it should be called.
In 2012, Apple dropped the “Mac” from the operating system for “OS X Mountain Lion” (10.8) The “X” represented the “pro” nature of Mac platform, as opposed to “iOS” for iPhone and iPad. Apparently, the “X” was considered a stronger brand for “pro” than “Mac” at the time…
This changed when Apple finally dropped the “X-as-ten” and returned the “Mac” with “macOS Sierra” (10.12) in 2016.
Even without the “X” in the system name, the ‘10’ has remained in the version number up to macOS 10.15 Catalina.
(The “X-as-ten” lives on with “Final Cut Pro X” and “Logic Pro X”. The prefix “X” lives on with “Xcode.”)
Big Sur goes to 11
The naming and versioning of the Mac platforms operating system was largely driven by symbolism, marketing and even legal matters. The same is true this year: Apple has finally given up on the “ten” and will raise the major version of macOS to 11.
I have a post on my opinion and reaction to macOS 11. Whatever the reasons, this is the year that we will get macOS 11.
When you go to “About this Mac” on a Mac running the Big Sur beta, it will proudly announce that it is running macOS 11.0. You get the same result when you run sw_vers:
This seems easy enough, however, there is a catch to this.
10.16 vs 11.0
Big Sur will not always report 11.0 as the macOS version. It might report 10.16 in some cases. These cases are meant for situations where software might just check the second part of the version for version checks.
The rules are detailed in this post from Howard Oakley.
In Big Sur you can force the compatibility mode by setting the SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT environment variable to 1:
Checking the Version
When you have a script that checked the version of macOS (or Mac OS X or OS X), so far it was safe to ignore the first number of the product version and only compare the second. For example to see if macOS was Mojave or newer, you probably would have done something like this:
Now, with the release of macOS 11.0, this setup will return 0 for the minorVersion and fail.
The obvious solution here would be to extract the majorVersion as well and compare that first:
This will work well enough, even when the script runs in a setup where it might get 10.16 as the version number. But is not particularly nice to read. Also, when you want to compare update versions, these will be (presumably) the minorVersion for Big Sur and later and the third part of the version number in Catalina and earlier and things will get even more messy quickly.
Maybe there is a better way of doing this than using the product (marketing) version of macOS?
Build Version
As I mentioned earlier, the user visible version may not be granular enough for the needs of developers. And because of this macOS has a second version, called the “build version”
The build version for the current version of macOS Catalina as I am writing this is 19G2021.
You can also see the build version in the “About this Mac” window when you click on the version number.
The build version consists of three parts and a fourth optional one. The first number is the Darwin Version. The following capital letter designates the update. The following number (up to four digits) is the specific build number. Sometimes the build number is followed by a lower case letter.
Darwin Version
This part of the version takes its name from the Darwin core of macOS.
The Darwin Version is number that is increased on every major release of macOS. Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar was the first release of Mac OS X to consistently report its Darwin Version as 6. From that you can conclude that 10.0 had Darwin version 4 which makes sense, because it was the fourth release of NextSTEP, the operating system Mac OS X is based on.
macOS 10.15 Catalina, has a Darwin version of 19 and Big Sur reports 20.
You can also get the Darwin version in the shell from the OSTYPE environment variable:
But keep in mind that environment variable may not be set depending on the context your script runs in.
A safer way to get the Darwin version is with the uname command:
This Darwin version includes the update information.
Updates
In the build version updates are tracked with a capital letter. The letter A stands for the .0 or first release of a major version. B signifies the second release or first update or .1 release, and so on.
The current Catalina build version starts with 19G so we know it is the seventh release or sixth update to Catalina (10.15.6). The current Big Sur beta starts with 20A so it is the first release or .0 version.
Build numbers
The significance of the build number is most often seen during the beta phase. While the Darwin version and update letter are fixed during the beta phase, the build number increases with every beta release. This is the most granular number we have to determine the version.
For each update and major release the build number starts over, so it can only be used to compare releases for the same major release and update version.
Traditionally, there was a difference between two- and three-digit build numbers and four-digit build numbers. The builds with lower numbers of digits were general release builds, that will run on all Macs that support this version of macOS. The four digit build numbers designated either a security update or a hardware specific build.
Hardware specific builds occur when a new Mac model is released. These usually get a hardware specific build of macOS, since the drivers necessary for the new hardware are not included in the current general release version. Even though the product version numbers of macOS are the same for the general release and the hardware specific release, they have different build numbers.
Usually, the hardware specific drivers are merged into the general release on the next update. However, until the builds are merged, MacAdmins may have to manage hardware specific system installers and workflows for new hardware. This was especially annoying with the release of the 2018 MacBook Pro which had a specific build of 10.13.6 that was never merged into the general 10.13 build. MacAdmins that wanted or needed to support 10.13 had to manage a separate installer for these MacBooks.
Intruigingly, the Big Sur beta is different: its build number started in the 4000s and switched to the 5000s with beta 3.
Special builds
Some releases of macOS have a trailing lower case letter after the build number. This is particularly common during the beta phase. It is unclear what this letter designates exactly. It might designate that the installer application was re-built one or more times.
You can use regular expressions to parse out all the individual pieces of the build version:
But in most cases, you will not need this level of detail.
Using the Build Version
The build version provides a way to compare macOS system versions that is not subject to the whims of marketing. We can even use it distinguish hardware specific builds of macOS from general versions or determine if security or supplemental updates have been applied.
For most comparisons, we only need the Darwin version and maybe the update.
The Darwin version has had two digits since Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. It is safe to assume that you won’t be managing Macs running 10.5 Leopard any more. (And if you do, they will probably be “hand-fed” and not subject to your deployment and update automations.) Assuming a two digit Darwin version, we can use string comparison to compare build versions:
Since all versions of Mojave start with 18A... they are all alphabetically greater than 18. The same would go if you want to check for a maximum macOS version:
You can also filter for specific minimum updates:
By using the build version, we are avoiding all the trouble that the “marketing-driven” build version brings with it.
zsh solution
The above works for sh, bash and zsh scripts. However, when you are using zsh, there is another useful solution. zsh provides a function to compare versions called is-at-least.
When you use zsh in the Terminal interactively, it is probably already loaded, but when you want to use it in scripts, you should use autoload to make sure it is loaded. Then you can use is-at-least this way:
Since both 11.0 and 10.16 are higher than 10.14 this will work no matter what number Big Sur might be reporting, but if you want to check that the system is Big Sur, you want to use 10.16 as the minimum, which covers both possible values:
Conclusion
The change of the version number in macOS 11 Big Sur might affect or even break some of your system version checking in your deployment and management scripts. There are some nice and easy solutions that are more resilient to changes in the “marketing” product version.
The MacOS Catalina version was officially launched last October, but it's never too early to start discussing the new version of the next version. By 2020, MacOS 10.16 will probably come, unless they call it macOS 11.
If Apple follows the same pattern as years ago, we should know more about the next Mac system update key text Presentation of WWDC by 2020. This should take place early next June.
While that day has yet to come, nothing stops us from launching speculation and exploring rumors already circulating. Among them, it highlights the arrival of Mac that can work for both macOS and iOS. What does this mean for the future of macOS?
Name: How will the next version of macOS be named?
As we mentioned, most likely, Apple, when it calls for the next type of macOS, decides to continue as before and calls it 'macOS 10.16'. Now, perhaps to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Mac OS X, which he called 'MacOS 11'.
But beyond the numbers, Apple always adds another name. It started with animals (Cheetah, Puma, Jaguar, Panther, Tiger …), but in recent years they have referred to areas in California, such as the Mojave Desert or Santa Catalina Island.
We can start and try to guess what its name will be in 2020. It could be Marin, Monterey, Sacramento, Sequoia, Sonoma or Tahoe or Ventura. Next June at WWDC 2020 We'll see if we succeed or not.
Edit: When will MacOS 10.16 arrive?
It's still too early to know from which day this new macOS program will be available, especially since its arrival has not been announced. Now, we can look at the release dates for some versions.
- macOS Catalina: Monday, October 7, 2019
- macOS Mojave: Monday, September 24, 2018
- macOS High Sierra: Monday, September 25, 2017
- macOS Sierra: Tuesday, September 20, 2016
- macOS El Capitan: Wednesday, September 30, 2015
- macOS Yosemite: Thursday, October 16, 2014
- macOS Maverick: Tuesday, October 22, 2013
With all this in mind, our bet is that macOS 10.16 will officially arrive next Monday, October 5, 2020, even though Apple doesn't know. In addition, the company may decide that it is not necessary to introduce a new model this year.
Will Apple decide to integrate iOS and macOS?
At the moment we don't know much about what Apple is thinking about the new macOS, but it is said that the company is about to introduce its first Mac with its ARM systems. How might that affect MacOS?
TF Securities analyst Ming-Chi Kuo said in his day that Apple will start using its A-series monitors on its Macs by 2020 or 2021. That will facilitate the integration between iOS and macOS in case Apple wants to do this. , who denied it.
In March 2018, Tim Cook said combining both of these apps would be a mistake, because using them separately allows you to be more precise and improve what your relevant devices are doing well.
With the advent of iPadOS in 2019, operating systems for Mac and iPad are closer than ever, so this could lead to greater synergy between iOS and macOS. A Mac that may have an ARM processor may be a start.
IOS functions we would like to see in macOS 10.16
There are some features we enjoy on our iPhone that are not available on the Mac. This is, for example, the Control Center. When you get to macOS, this will give you instant access to your system or standby functionality.
It is expected that in the coming months we will see other iOS apps come with macOS, as has been the case in recent times. Therefore, we believe that Apple will make it easier for developers in the future.
These are some of the iOS functions we would like to see for macOS:
Os X 10.16 Download
- Clock: The iOS app lets you set up several alarms, knowing what time it is in another part of the world. We love the macOS app where this is possible, as well as using the timer and stopwatch.
- Siri shortcuts: Siri shortcuts are available for iPhone and iPad, a very useful function in the routine tasks you perform on a daily basis. This can be quite noticeable when using your Apple computer or laptop.
- Health: The Health app available for iOS is the best way to use your Apple Watch and we think it should also be available for download in macOS. So, you can control your health and physical activity by tracking on your Mac.
- Touch screen: It is unlikely that Apple incorporates the touchscreen on your Mac, but doing so may use the same Multi-Touch touch we already have on the iPhone or iPad.
Os X 10.16 Supported Devices
Some features we would like to get to with macOS
Aside from the advent of iOS functions in macOS, there are other features that we would like to see in future versions of the Mac and MacBook app.
- Too many watchesDock is one of the most popular tools for Mac users, but it can be upgraded. For example, there may be separate Docs for each connected device and thus perform the function of those using multiple screens.
- & # 39; Save as running & # 39; to Work: We would like Apple to include the & # 39; Save as & # 39; function in Pages, Prices and Keynote, because we still don't understand the & # 39; Duplicate & # 39; function.
- It's a time machine: Many users may celebrate that Apple has decided to start using cloud backups on their Time machine. After all, I'm already using iCloud for that function on the iPhone.
- Fusion between Siri and Spotlight: Integration between both tools can improve communication between the user and the computer. It can try to use what Microsoft did with Cortana in Windows 10.
- Clipboard: It would be a good idea for Apple to save more than one copy copied to your clipboard, as Windows has already done. Wouldn't it be very helpful to copy and paste something that you copied half an hour ago?
- Screenshots: Or, or, for screen objects. In Windows 10 you can save as a screenshot of your screen, while in macOS you are limited to square or rectangular holdings.
- Timeline: We would like to see a tool in macOS that can let you see the type of project you are working on for an hour, two days or a year. Also, this is something we've already seen on Windows.
- Unlocking iPhone: You may have turned on your Mac using your Apple Watch (this function came with macOS Sierra), but we'd like you to do the same with your iPhone in the future.